Human Anatomy, 9e, Marieb Test Bank
Chapter 2 Cells: The Living Units
2.1 Human Anatomy by Marieb Multiple Choice Questions
1) Each cell performs all of the function necessary to sustain life. Those functions include all of the following except
A) obtaining nutrients from the surrounding body fluids. B) dispose of wastes.
C) replicate itself.
D) use nutrients to make the molecules it needs. E) phagocytosing other cells.
Answer: E Section: 2.1
Book LO: 2.1
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
2) Which letter indicates the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: C Section: 2.1
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
3) Which letter indicates the nucleolus? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: A Section: 2.1
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
4) Which letter indicates the plasma membrane? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: B Section: 2.1
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
5) Which letter indicates the mitochondrion? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: E Section: 2.1
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
6) Which letter indicates the Golgi apparatus? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: D Section: 2.1
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
7) Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane?
A) protect the internal aspect of the cell from substances outside the cell. B) breaking down and digesting unwanted substances within the cell.
C) binding specific molecules arriving from outside of the cell.
D) selectively controlling the substances that enter or leave the cell. E) moving specific substances from outside the cell to inside the cell. Answer: B
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
8) The plasma membrane is
A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell. B) a single-layered membrane enclosing the plasma.
C) the membrane surrounding the cell.
D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae.
E) a double-layered membrane surrounding the mitochondria of the cell. Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
9) The plasma membrane is important for all the following reasons except
A) it determines what substances enter and exit the cell.
B) it separates the extracellular fluid from the intracellular fluid. C) it acts as a site for cell-to-cell interaction and recognition.
D) it is an important site for DNA transcription. Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
10) The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except
A) glycoproteins. B) tubulin protein. C) cholesterol.
D) phospholipids. E) integral proteins Answer: B
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
11) Embedded in the plasma membrane of cells, cholesterol molecules act to
A) stabilize the membrane.
B) make the membrane more resistant to freezing.
C) destabilize the membrane, leading to heart attacks. D) participate in pinocytosis.
E) allow water to easily pass through the plasma membrane. Answer: A
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
12) Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged
A) around a central layer of cholesterol.
B) in a single layer with polar heads facing outwards.
C) as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. D) as a bilayer with their polar heads sandwiched between the nonpolar tails. E) as a bilayer with the polar heads facing the nonpolar tails.
Answer: C Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
13) Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? A) Most extend all the way through the membrane.
B) Some attach to the glycocalyx.
C) They determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. D) They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids.
E) They are involved in the transport of some water-soluble or charged molecules across the membrane.
Answer: D Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
14) Hypercholesterolemia is an inherited disease in which the body's cells lack protein receptors that bind to cholesterol-delivering low-density lipoproteins. Based on your knowledge of cell anatomy, what do you think a consequence of the lack of this receptor may be?
A) Cholesterol will not bind to the receptor and enter the cell. B) Cholesterol will not exit the cell via exocytosis.
C) The lipids in the plasma membrane will break down, resulting in death of the cell. D) Ribosomes will not be able to make proteins.
E) Rough endoplasmic reticulum will not be able to break down lipids. Answer: A
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.2
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
15) The endocytotic process in which small vesicles of fluid are brought into the cell is called
A) phagocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis.
D) xenocytosis.
E) receptor-mediated endocytosis
Answer: B Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.3
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
16) Which type of endocytosis ingests the most specific type of molecule? A) fluid-phase endocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis
E) vesiclcytosis Answer: D Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.3
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
17) Hormones are secreted by
A) phagocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis.
D) osmosis.
E) receptor-mediated endocytosis
Answer: C Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.3
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
18) Materials that are to be exocytosed by cells are enclosed in vesicles synthesized by the
A) nucleosome. B) ribosome.
C) Golgi apparatus. D) mitochondrion. E) lysosome. Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Book LO: 2.3
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
19) Membrane-bound organelles have the same type of membrane as the plasma membrane
except
A) for the absence of a glycocalyx. B) for the absence of cholesterol. C) the nonpolar tails face outward.
D) they are all covered with ribosomes. Answer: A
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
20) Which of the following is associated with protein synthesis? A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) chloroplasts
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) Golgi apparatus Answer: B Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
21) Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the
A) Golgi apparatus.
B) microtubule organizing center. C) cytoskeleton.
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. E) plasma membrane.
Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
22) Which membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: C Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
23) Which membranous organelle stores calcium and is a primary site of lipid metabolism? A) Golgi apparatus
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) mitochondrion
D) peroxisome
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
24) Which of the following statements about the rough endoplasmic reticulum is false? A) It consists of stacked envelopes called cisternae.
B) It makes the digestive enzymes contained in the lysosomes. C) It stores lipids as inclusions.
D) It makes the integral proteins of the cell membrane.
E) It contains ribosomes on the external face of its membranes. Answer: C
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
25) Which organelle has both a cis and a trans face? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: A Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
26) Functions of the Golgi apparatus include all of the following except
A) preparing proteins for inclusion in lysosomes. B) DNA replication.
C) plasma membrane formation.
D) production of secretory granules.
E) modifying proteins created by the endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
27) Which organelle sorts, processes, and packages products made by the rough ER? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: A Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
28) The face of the Golgi apparatus is to receive spherical vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
A) cis; convex
B) trans; concave C) cis; flattened D) trans; convex Answer: A Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
29) Which organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: B Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
30) When a phagocytic white blood cell ingests a foreign bacterial cell, which organelle fuses with the vesicle?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: B Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
31) In the process of phagocytosis, the organelles whose enzymes break down ingested foreign cells are the
A) nucleoli.
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. C) peroxisomes.
D) lysosomes. E) centrosomes. Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
32) Which of these organelles is involved in production of cellular energy? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
33) Which organelle is characterized by folded inner membranes called cristae? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
34) Which organelle produces ATP molecules? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
35) Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the
A) centriole.
B) Golgi apparatus.
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum. D) mitochondrion.
E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
36) Which organelle contains some DNA and is capable of self-replication? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
37) Which membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: E Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
38) Which organelle is numerous in cells of the liver and kidney, organs involved in removing toxic substances from the body?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: E Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
39) Peroxisomes function to
A) synthesize and degrade hydrogen peroxide. B) store cellular free radicals.
C) produce pigments.
D) regulate membrane permeability. E) synthesize integral proteins. Answer: A
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
40) Peroxisomes
A) are the toxic waste removal system of the cell. B) are involved in the production of ATP.
C) contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication. D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell.
E) provide support to the cell skeleton. Answer: A
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
41) Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? A) microtubules
B) microfilaments
C) intermediate filaments
D) centrioles E) actin Answer: A Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
42) Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? A) microtubule
B) microfilament
C) intermediate filament
D) centriole E) myosin Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
43) The elements of the cytoskeleton that are stiff but bendable, analogous to the bones of the human body, are the
A) microtubules. B) microfilaments.
C) intermediate filaments. D) the cytosol.
Answer: A Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
44) The cytoskeletal elements which generate pseudopodia and contractile forces in conjunction with myosin are
A) microtubules. B) microfilaments.
C) intermediate filaments. D) integral proteins. Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
45) Dyneins and kinesins are motor proteins that
A) enable a cell to send out and retract extensions called pseudopods. B) move organelles along microtubules through the cytoplasm.
C) are molecular components of telomeres.
D) resist pulling forces that are placed on cells. E) stabilize the cell in its location in the tissue. Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
46) Which organelle is important in neutralizing free radicals? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) peroxisome E) centrioles Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
47) The mitotic spindle forms from the
A) nucleus.
B) Golgi apparatus.
C) centrosome matrix. D) nucleolus.
Answer: C Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
48) Which of the following is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) lysosome
B) microtubule
C) mitochondrion
D) glycosome E) peroxisome. Answer: D Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.5
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
49) The temporary structures in the cytoplasm include all of the following except
A) pigments.
B) glycosomes. C) lipid droplets.
D) the Golgi apparatus. E) protein crystals. Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.5
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
50) Which of the following is true regarding cytoplasmic inclusions? A) Lipid droplets are found in all cells in the body.
B) Glycosomes store sugar in the form of glycogen.
C) Crystals of protein contain enzymes that degrade glycogen into glucose subunits. D) Lysosomes are considered cytoplasmic inclusions.
E) Pigments are cytoplasmic inclusions that store fat. Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.5
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
51) Which letter indicates the DNA molecule? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: A Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
52) Which letter indicates the chromatid? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: D Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
53) Which letter indicates a nucleosome? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: C Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
54) Which letter indicates histones? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: B Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
55) Which letter indicates the metaphase chromosome? A) A
B) B C) C D) D E) E
Answer: E Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
56) The nuclear envelope is continuous with which organelle? A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria E) peroxisome Answer: C Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
57) Which of the following does not pass through nuclear pores? A) chromatin
B) messenger RNA C) proteins
D) ribosomal RNA Answer: A
Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
58) Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the nuclear envelope? A) separation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
B) regulation of passage of substances into and out of the cell membrane
C) transcription of DNA D) protein synthesis
E) waste removal from the nucleus
Answer: A Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
59) The nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, but it differs from the rough ER in that it
A) is not associated with ribosomes. B) has unique pores.
C) consists of two membranes separated by a space. D) consists of tubes, like the smooth ER.
Answer: B Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
60) In chromatin, the DNA molecule wraps around proteins called
A) nucleotides. B) codons.
C) integral protein. D) histones.
E) SNARE proteins
Answer: D Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
61) Transcription of DNA requires the presence of
A) centrosomes.
B) extended chromatin. C) histones.
D) nucleosomes. Answer: B Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
62) The cytoskeletal elements that form a ring to "squeeze" the two daughter cells apart during cytokinesis are
A) microtubules. B) microfilaments.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) the microtrabecular lattice. Answer: B
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
63) In the cell life cycle, DNA is replicated during
A) interphase G1. B) interphase S. C) prophase I.
D) prophase II.
E) interphase G2. Answer: B Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
64) Which is not part of interphase? A) G1
B) G2
C) M D) S Answer: C Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
65) During what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA duplicated? A) metaphase
B) anaphase C) interphase D) prophase Answer: C Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
66) During what phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle break down and disappear? A) metaphase
B) anaphase
C) telophase
D) late prophase Answer: C Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
67) Mitosis refers only to nuclear division. Separation of the entire cell following mitosis is . A) meiosis.
B) karyokinesis. C) cytokinesis. D) telophase.
E) anaphase Answer: C Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
68) During mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules of the mitotic spindle
A) attach to chromatids and align them at the metaphase plate. B) push on the chromatids.
C) anchor the centriole to the cell membrane. D) push the two poles of the cell apart. Answer: A
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
69) The longest arrays of microtubules that assemble from each centrosome during prophase form filaments called
A) mitotic spindles. B) kinetochores.
C) asters.
D) the nuclear envelope. E) histones.
Answer: A Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
70) During anaphase, motor proteins attached to mitotic spindle fibers serve to
A) pull the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. B) pull together the replicated chromosomal strands. C) re-form the nuclear envelope.
D) form the aster. Answer: A Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
71) The cell that gathers information and controls body functions is a
A) macrophage. B) fat cell.
C) sperm cell. D) neuron.
E) muscle cell. Answer: D Section: 2.6
Book LO: 2.8
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
72) Which cell type is correctly matched with its function?
22
A) erythrocyte — cell that produces movement
B) epithelial cell — cell that covers and lines organs
C) macrophages — cell that stores nutrients
D) fibroblast — cell that fights disease E) neuron — cell of reproduction Answer: B
Section: 2.6
Book LO: 2.8
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
73) The theory proposing that aging results from the effects of free radicals is the
A) mitochondrial theory of aging. B) genetic theory of aging.
C) immunity theory of aging.
D) cross-linking of glucose theory of aging. Answer: A
Section: 2.6
Book LO: 2.9
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
74) The process of cellular aging may involve all of the following except
A) accumulated damage by free radicals. B) decreased production of lysosomes.
C) excessive metabolic rate.
D) progressive shortening of telomeres. Answer: B
Section: 2.6
Book LO: 2.9
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
2.2 True/False Questions
1) Ribosomes consist of two subunits, each surrounded by a membrane. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
2) The smooth ER contains its own molecules of DNA. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Applying/Analyzing
3) Peroxisomes are important in detoxification of a number of toxic substances, for instance, hydrogen peroxide.
Answer: TRUE Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
4) Microtubules are composed of actin. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.3
Book LO: 2.4
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
5) Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around proteins known as actin. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
6) Extended chromatin is tightly wound around histones. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
7) DNA is a long double-helix composed of four distinct nucleotides. Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
8) The nucleolus serves as the cell's ribosome-producing machine. Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.4
Book LO: 2.6
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
9) An example of a type of cell with high rates of mitosis is a cell of the skin. Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.8
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
10) During the G1 phase, DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
11) During the S phase, cells are characterized by rapid growth. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
12) A mitotic spindle develops during early telophase of mitosis. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
13) During anaphase, the chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell. Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
14) Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells that result from mitosis.
Answer: TRUE Section: 2.5
Book LO: 2.7
Global LO: G2
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
15) Telomeres are structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide. Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.6
Book LO: 2.9
Global LO: G1
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Understanding
2.3 Short Answer Questions
1) Name the smallest living units in the body. Answer: cells
2) The outermost continuous boundary of a human cell is the . Answer: plasma membrane (plasmalemma)
3) What is the name of the currently held theory describing the plasma membrane structure? Answer: fluid mosaic model
4) The phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane are primarily composed of . Answer: a non-polar tail comprised of 2 fatty acid chains attached to a polar head
5) Identify the two different types of membrane-associated molecules that comprise the glycocalyx.
Answer: glycolipids and glycoproteins
6) This is the type of protein involved in transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane. Answer: integral proteins (transmembrane proteins)
7) This is the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter a cell. Answer: endocytosis
8) This is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. Answer: osmosis
9) What is the transport mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell?
Answer: exocytosis
10) Cell aging may be related to production of what charged molecules produced by the mitochondria?
Answer: free radicals
11) This network of rods running throughout the cytosol acts as a cell's "bones," "muscles," and
"ligaments."
Answer: cytoskeleton
12) What would extended chromatin wrapped around a group of eight histones be called? Answer: a nucleosome
13) Name the phase in which a cell grows and carries on all its usual metabolic activities. Answer: G1 phase of interphase
14) Which phase involves the physical division of the cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells that result from mitosis.
Answer: cytokinesis
2.4 Human Anatomy by Marieb Essay Questions
1) Differentiate phagocytosis from receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Answer: In phagocytosis, the cell extends pseudopods and engulfs the foreign protein/foreign cell, which is often degraded after the phagocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome. In receptor- mediated endocytosis, specific membrane receptors bind specific extra-cellular molecules. Once bound, the membrane deforms inward, creating a vesicle with the receptors and molecules inside. The vesicle contents are released into the cytoplasm or fuse with a lysosome, with the receptors recycled back to the membrane.
2) Describe the mitochondria.
Answer: These are long, thin organelles, that have their own DNA molecule which allows for self-replication. They produce ATP molecules, which are the equivalent of cellular energy. They are bound by two membranes. The inner one is highly folded into cristae, where many of the critical molecules involved in ATP production are imbedded.
3) Describe the three major types of cytoskeletal elements.
Answer: Microtubules are the largest in diameter and are formed by the protein tubulin. They are stiff, but bendable. Microtubules are important in the trafficking of organelles within the cytoplasm. Microfilaments are the smallest in diameter. They are strands of the protein actin, are contractile proteins, which are typically very labile. Intermediate filaments are of intermediate diameter. They are very stable and permanent, functioning to resist shearing forces within and between adjacent cells.
4) Describe how cellular differentiation results in structural variation among cells in the human body.
Answer: Cellular differentiation is the result of highly regulated gene activation/inactivation in the developing embryo. The products of gene activation are proteins. As the embryo develops, certain cells will begin to produce proteins that neighboring cells do not produce. As development progresses, these unique protein "signatures" lead to differences in cellular function. For example, in muscle cells actin and myosin proteins predominate which results in their unique contractile properties.
5) Describe the two checkpoints that occur during interphase.
Answer: The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell has reached a maximum size and has replicated the necessary organelles and enzymes to synthesize DNA. The G2 checkpoint, checks to see whether replication errors or DNA damage has occurred during DNA synthesis.
0
734